能不能在 Pluto 里面调用外部操作系统命令，自动执行 fossil add fernuser/tiddlers/* 这一步，只把最后的提交留到控制台手动完成？
Is there a way to invoke external operating system commands from inside Pluto to automate the fossil add fernuser/tiddlers/* action, leaving just the final commit to perform manually in the console?
你好！可以，Julia 能执行 shell[1] (#footnote-731542-1) 命令，Pluto 笔记本也一样。比如，把下面的代码放进单元格，就会在类 Unix 系统上执行列出目录的命令 ls，
run(`ls`)它先构造一个表示命令的 Cmd 类型对象，再通过 run 执行。run 和 Cmd 的文档还有很多有用的细节，介绍如何用这种方式执行命令。
要注意，打开 Pluto 笔记本会执行所有单元格，而修改一个单元格时，依赖它的单元格也会重新执行。对于外部 shell 命令，这种行为是否合适取决于具体情况，不过也可以避免每次依赖变化时都执行这个“命令单元格”。
附言，run 返回进程的结果，因此通常会显示输出，如果命令失败则会显示错误码。
实际上，这些命令并不是通过 shell 执行的，下面的回复里有解释。↩︎ (#footnote-ref-731542-1)
Hi! Yes, Julia can execute shell[1] (#footnote-731542-1) commands and so can a Pluto notebook, for example a cell with the following code executes Unix-like systems' directory-listing command ls:
run(`ls`)It constructs an object with type Cmd representing the command, then executes it using run. The documentation for run and Cmd contains plenty of useful additional detail explaining how to execute commands in this way.
Be aware that opening a Pluto notebook executes every cell, and changing a cell also re-executes the cells depending on it. Whether that is desirable for external shell commands depends on your situation, though you can avoid executing that “command cell” whenever one of its dependencies changes.
PS: run returns the process result, meaning you generally see its output or error codes when the command fails.
Actually these commands don't execute through a shell, as explained in my later reply. ↩︎ (#footnote-ref-731542-1)
非常感谢你花时间帮忙。
我会试一下，再来反馈是否有效。真的很感谢。
Thank you very much for taking the time to help.
I'll try this out and report whether it works. I'm really grateful.
不客气。我刚想起漏说了一点，在 Julia 中构造命令对象时，如果包含特殊字符(比如你例子中的 *)，可能要特别小心。Julia 不会调用 shell，而是直接执行命令。因此 * 很可能不会按你预期的方式工作。
比如，假设你要执行
command = `fossil add fernuser/tiddlers/*`
run(command)Julia 首先会对没有引号的 * 报错(要写成 \*)，但改完也不会得到预期结果，因为把 * 匹配为目录中的所有文件名，是 Bash 等 shell 提供的“通配符展开”功能。run 不做这一步，可以看一下有关命令引用的讨论(https://discourse.julialang.org/t/quoting-in-shell-commands/6781)，以及递归删除目录等相关讨论(https://discourse.julialang.org/t/removing-directory-contents-recursively/128761)。
最直接的变通方式大概是明确通过 shell 执行这个命令，比如使用 bash -c '...'
command = `bash -c 'fossil add fernuser/tiddlers/*'`
run(command)这样应该就能得到所用 shell 的预期行为(假设是 Bash)。缺点是系统必须安装 Bash，不过如果没有，也很容易调整。
You're most welcome. I have just noticed that I left out a detail: you may need to take particular care when constructing a command object in Julia if it includes special characters (such as the * appearing in your example). Rather than invoking a shell, Julia executes the commands itself. Consequently * likely won't behave as you expect.
For example, suppose you try to execute
command = `fossil add fernuser/tiddlers/*`
run(command)Julia objects first to the bare * (you'd have to spell it \*), but fixing that still doesn't give the desired result because matching * against the directory's filenames is “globbing”, provided by Bash and similar shells. run doesn't perform that step, see for instance a discussion of quoting commands (https://discourse.julialang.org/t/quoting-in-shell-commands/6781) together with associated discussions such as recursive directory removal (https://discourse.julialang.org/t/removing-directory-contents-recursively/128761).
The most straightforward way of handling this is probably to explicitly execute that command through a shell, for instance using bash -c '...'
command = `bash -c 'fossil add fernuser/tiddlers/*'`
run(command)You should then get the expected behavior of that shell (assuming Bash). This does require Bash to exist on the machine, but adapting it if necessary is straightforward.
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